Vacunación en adultos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51481/amc.v59i2.956Palabras clave:
vacunas, inmunidad celular, inmunodeficiencia, inmunogenicidad, inmunosupresiónResumen
Introducción: cada año, miles de adultos mueren por causa de enfermedades prevenibles mediante vacunación. Sin embargo, la aplicación de vacunas en adultos es muy baja a nivel mundial por múltiples razones, incluyendo los altos costos de implementación.
Objetivos: discutir las recomendaciones nacionales e internacionales de inmunización de personas mayores de 18 años, incluyendo las poblaciones con alto riesgo de adquirir infecciones inmunoprevenibles y resumirlas en un esquema recomendado para vacunación de adultos en general, y personas con elevado nivel de riesgo.
Métodos: se efectuó una revisión no sistemática de bibliografía médica y científica publicada entre 2000 y 2017, concerniente a vacunación en adultos. Así mismo, se compararon los esquemas de inmunización vigentes en América y Europa.
Conclusiones: las recomendaciones para vacunación en adultos se basan principalmente en edad, condiciones médicas subyacentes, estilo de vida, inmunizaciones previas, características epidemiológicas locales y viajes. La necesidad de aplicar un esquema de vacunación adecuado a la población general y a poblaciones con factores de riesgo, representa una medida de gran importancia en un sistema de salud funcional. En este sentido, la adecuada asesoría e información provenientes del personal de salud constituyen un predictor clave en la inmunización de adultos.
Descargas
Citas
Zhou F, Shefer A, Wenger J, Messonnier M, Wang LY, Lopez A, et al. Economic Evaluation of the Routine Childhood Immunization Program in the United States, 2009. Pediatrics 2014;133:577-85.
Zúñiga Morales V, Sánchez Alfaro AN, Fernández Delgado N, Ramírez Fernández H, Salazar H, Arroba Tijerino R. Norma nacional de vacunación - Ministerio de Salud, Costa Rica. 2013:1-128.
Call to action: adult vaccination saves lives. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, 2012. Recuperado el 16.03.2017. En: http://www.adultvaccination. org/resources/cta-adult.pdf.
Bridges CB, Hurley LP, Williams WW, Ramakrishnan A, Dean AK, Groom AV. Meeting the challenges of immunizing adults. Vaccine 2015;33, Suppl 4:D114-D20.
Aspinall R, Lang PO. Vaccine responsiveness in the elderly: best practice for the clinic. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014;13:885-94.
Williams WW, Lu PJ, O’Halloran A, Bridges CB, Kim DK, Pilishvili T, et al. Vaccination coverage among adults, excluding influenza vaccination - United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:95-102.
Johnson DR, Nichol KL, Lipczynski K. Barriers to adult immunization. Am J Med 2008;121:S28-S35.
Armstrong K, Berlin M, Schwartz JS, Propert K, Ubel PA. Barriers to influenza immunization in a low-income urban population. Am J Prev Med 2001;20:215.
Schneeberg A, Bettinger JA, McNeil S, Ward BJ, Dionne M, Cooper C, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of older adults about pneumococcal immunization, a Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) investigation. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1-9.
Groom H, Hopkins DP, Pabst LJ, Murphy Morgan J, Patel M, Calonge N, et al. Immunization information systems to increase vaccination rates: a community guide systematic review. J Public Health Manag Pract 2015;21:227-48.
Truman BI, Smith-Akin CK, Hinman AR, Gebbie KM, Brownson R, Novick LF, et al. Developing the guide to community preventive services - overview and rationale. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med 2000;18:18-26.
Poehling KA, Edwards KM, Griffin MR, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, Iwane MK, et al. The burden of influenza in young children, 2004–2009. Pediatrics 2013;131:207-16.
Boletín Estadístico de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria en Costa Rica del año 2014. Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica, Dirección Vigilancia de la Salud, 2015. Recuperado el 16.03.2017. En: https://www.ministeriodesalud. go.cr/index.php/vigilancia-de-la-salud/indicadores-de-salud-boletines/ boletin-de-morbilidad/2797-boletin-de-morbilidad-enfermedades-dedeclaracion-obligatoria-2014-1/file.
Bisgard KM, Pascual FB, Ehresmann KR, Miller CA, Cianfrini C, Jennings CE, et al. Infant pertussis: who was the source? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:985-9.
Moraes JC, Carvalhanas T, Bricks LF. Should acellular pertussis vaccine be recommended to healthcare professionals? Cad Saude Publica 2013;29:127790.
Forsyth K, Plotkin S, Tan T, Wirsing von König CH. Strategies to decrease pertussis transmission to infants. Pediatrics 2015;135:e1475-e82.
Committee NVA. Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee: standards for adult immunization practice. Public Health Rep 2014;129:115-23.
Yarnall KSH, Pollak KI, Østbye T, Krause KM, Michener JL. Primary care: is there enough time for prevention? Am J Public Health 2003;93:635-41.
Before you vaccinate adults, consider their “H-A-L-O”! Immunization Action Coalition, 2011. Recuperado el 16.03.2017. En: http://www.immunize.org/ catg.d/p3070.pdf.
Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:136-8.
Bridges CB, Thompson WW, Meltzer MI, Reeve GR, Talamonti WJ, Cox NJ, et al. Effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination of healthy working adults: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000;284:1655-63.
Kostova D, Reed C, Finelli L, Cheng P-Y, Gargiullo PM, Shay DK, et al. Influenza illness and hospitalizations averted by influenza vaccination in the United States, 2005-2011. PLoS One 2013;8:e66312.
Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Sokolow LZ, Bresee JS, Cox NJ, Broder KR, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) -- United States, 2014-15 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:691-7.
Samad AH, Usul MHBHJ, Zakaria D, Ismail R, Tasset-Tisseau A, Baron-Papillon F, et al. Workplace vaccination against influenza in Malaysia: does the employer benefit? J Occup Health 2006;48:1-10.
Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges CB, Cox NJ, et al. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA 2004;292:1333-40.
Poehling KA, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, Snively BM, Payne DC, Bridges CB, et al. Impact of maternal immunization on influenza hospitalizations in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:S141-S8.
Bhat N, Wright JG, Broder KR, Murray EL, Greenberg ME, Glover MJ, et al. Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003–2004. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2559-67.
Rasmussen SA, Watson AK, Kennedy ED, Broder KR, Jamieson DJ. Vaccines and pregnancy: Past, present, and future. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;19:161-9.
Steinhoff MC, Omer SB, Roy E, Arifeen SE, Raqib R, Dodd C, et al. Neonatal outcomes after influenza immunization during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Can Med Assoc J 2012;184:645-53.
Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper - November 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2012;87:461-76.
Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, St Sauver JL, Kurland MJ, Sy LS. A populationbased study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:1341-9.
Hales CM, Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez I, Bialek SR. Update on recommendations for use of herpes zoster vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:72931.
Taylor ML, García Z, Holst I, Somogye T, Cunningham L, Visoná KA. Seroprevalencia de los virus de la hepatitis A y B en grupos etarios de Costa Rica. Acta Med Costarric 2001;43:153-8.
Fiore AE, Wasley A, Bell BP. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:1-23.
Mast EE, Weinbaum CM, Fiore AE, Alter MJ, Bell BP, Finelli L, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: immunization of adults. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:1-33; quiz CE1-4.
Craig T, Pürsün EA, Bork K, Bowen T, Boysen H, Farkas H, et al. WAO guideline for the management of hereditary angioedema. World Allergy Organ J 2012;5:1-18.
Soetens LC, van Benthem BHB, Urbanus A, Cremer J, Benschop KSM, Rietveld A, et al. Ongoing transmission of hepatitis B virus in rural parts of the Netherlands, 2009-2013. PLoS One 2015;10:e0117703.
Use of hepatitis B vaccination for adults with diabetes mellitus: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:1709-11.
Rodrigo C, Bewick T, Sheppard C, Greenwood S, Mckeever TM, Trotter CL, et al. Impact of infant 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on serotypes in adult pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2015;45:1632-41.
Yin Z, Rice BD, Waight P, Miller E, George R, Brown AE, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among HIV-positive individuals, 2000–2009. AIDS 2012;26:87-94.
Kim L, McGee L, Tomczyk S, Beall B. Biological and epidemiological features of antibiotic-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in pre- and post-conjugate vaccine eras: a United States perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016;29:525-52.
Bennett NM, Whitney CG, Moore MR, Pilishvili T, Dooling KL. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:816-9.
Moberley S, Holden J, Tatham DP, Andrews RM. Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013.
Greenberg RN, Gurtman A, Frenck RW, Strout C, Jansen KU, Trammel J, et al.
Sequential administration of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in pneumococcal vaccine– naïve adults 60–64 years of age. Vaccine 2014;32:2364-74.
Kobayashi M, Bennett NM, Gierke R, Almendares O, Moore MR, Whitney CG, et al. Intervals between PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:944-7.
Interim JCVI statement on adult pneumococcal vaccination in the UK. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation, 2015. Recuperado el 16.03.2017. En: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/477966/JCVI_pnemococcal.pdf.
Schiffner-Rohe J, Witt A, Hemmerling J, von Eiff C, Leverkus F-W. Efficacy of PPV23 in preventing pneumococcal pneumonia in adults at increased risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016;11:e0146338.
Bonten MJM, Huijts SM, Bolkenbaas M, Webber C, Patterson S, Gault S, et al. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1114-25.
Rozenbaum MH, van Hoek AJ, Fleming D, Trotter CL, Miller E, Edmunds WJ. Vaccination of risk groups in England using the 13 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: economic analysis. BMJ 2012;345.
Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, Gierke R, Moore MR, Whitney CG, et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:822-5.
Arroba Tijerino R, Machado Cruz V. Lineamientos para vacunación antineumocócica. En preparación: Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica; 2017.
Informe Regional de SIREVA II, 2011. Datos por país y por grupos de edad sobre las características de los aislamientos de Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae y Neisseria meningitidis en procesos invasores.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2012. Recuperado el 17.03.2017. En: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_ download&gid=19210<.
Meningococcal ACWY Vaccines - MenACWY and MPSV4: What You Need to Know. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2016. Recuperado el 16.03.2016. En: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/ mening.pdf.
MacNeil JR, Rubin L, Folaranmi T, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Patel M, Martin SW. Use of Serogroup B Meningococcal Vaccines in Adolescents and Young Adults: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:1171-6.
Araya P, Fernández J, Del Canto F, Seoane M, Ibarz-Pavón AB, Barra G, et al. Neisseria meningitidis ST-11 clonal complex, Chile 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:339-41.
Valenzuela MT, Moreno G, Vaquero A, Seoane M, Hormazábal JC, Bertoglia MP, et al. Emergencia de la cepa W135 causante de enfermedad meningocócica invasora en Chile 2012. Rev Med Chil 2013;141:959-67.
Soult Rubio JA, Muñoz Sáez M. Enfermedad meningocócica invasora. An Pediatr (Barc) 2005;62:297-303.
Folaranmi T, Rubin L, Martin SW, Patel M, MacNeil JR. Use of serogroup B meningococcal vaccines in persons aged ≥10 years at increased risk for serogroup B meningococcal disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:608-12.
Mariani L, Vici P, Suligoi B, Checcucci-Lisi G, Drury R. Early direct and indirect impact of quadrivalent HPV (4HPV) vaccine on genital warts: a systematic review. Adv Ther 2015;32:10-30.
Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, Chesson HW, Curtis CR, Gee J, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:1-30.
Chesson HW, Markowitz LE. The cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccine catch-up programs for women. J Infect Dis 2015;211:172-4.
Petrosky E, Bocchini JA, Jr., Hariri S, Chesson H, Curtis CR, Saraiya M, et al. Use of 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: updated HPV vaccination recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:300-4.
Hartzell JD, Blaylock JM. Whooping cough in 2014 and beyond: an update and review. Chest 2014;146:205-14.
Bailleux F, Coudeville L, Kolenc-Saban A, Bevilacqua J, Barreto L, Andre P. Predicted long-term persistence of pertussis antibodies in adolescents after an adolescent and adult formulation combined tetanus, diphtheria, and 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine, based on mathematical modeling and 5-year observed data. Vaccine 2008;26:3903-8.
Dabrera G, Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, Campbell H, Ribeiro S, Kara E, et al. A case-control study to estimate the effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in protecting newborn infants in England and Wales, 2012–2013. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:333-7.
Finkelstein P, Teisch L, Allen CJ, Ruiz G. Tetanus: a potential public health threat in times of disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med 2017:1-4.
Kyu HH, Mumford JE, Stanaway JD, Barber RM, Hancock JR, Vos T, et al. Mortality from tetanus between 1990 and 2015: findings from the global burden of disease study 2015. BMC Public Health 2017;17:179.
Zipprich J, Winter K, Hacker J, Xia D, Watt J, Harriman K. Measles outbreak-California, December 2014-February 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:153-4.
Hadinegoro SR, Arredondo-Garcia JL, Capeding MR, Deseda C, Chotpitayasunondh T, Dietze R, et al. Efficacy and long-term safety of a dengue vaccine in regions of endemic disease. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1195-206.
Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, Davies EG, Avery R, Tomblyn M, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:e44-e100.
Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, Gress R, Sepkowitz K, Storek J, et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009;15:1143-238.
Publicado
Versiones
- 2017-05-09 (2)
- 2017-05-09 (1)
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2017 Acta Médica Costarricense
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en la revista Acta Médica Costarricense pueden distribuir, copiar, remezclar, retocar, leer, descargar, imprimir, buscar y crear a partir de su obra de modo no comercial, indicando los créditos a la revista y sus autores y compartir su obra en las mismas condiciones. Para ello se aplica la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)